Spring Boot + MySQL: 多线程查询与联表查询性能对比分析
背景
在现代 Web 应用开发中,数据库性能是影响系统响应时间和用户体验的关键因素之一。随着业务需求的不断增长,单表查询和联表查询的效率问题日益凸显。特别是在 Spring Boot 项目中,结合 MySQL 数据库进行复杂查询时,如何优化查询性能已成为开发者必须面对的重要问题。
在本实验中,我们使用了 Spring Boot 框架结合 MySQL 数据库,进行了两种常见查询方式的性能对比:多线程查询 和 联表查询。通过对比这两种查询方式的响应时间,本文旨在探讨在实际业务场景中,选择哪种方式能带来更高的查询效率,尤其是在面对大数据量和复杂查询时的性能表现。
实验目的
本实验的主要目的是通过对比以下两种查询方式的性能,帮助开发者选择在不同业务场景下的查询方式:
- 联表查询(使用 SQL 语句中的 LEFT JOIN 等连接操作)
- 多线程查询(通过 Spring Boot 异步处理,分批查询不同表的数据)
实验环境
开发框架:Spring Boot
数据库:MySQL
数据库表结构:
test_a
:主表,包含与其他表(test_b
、test_c
、test_d
、test_e
)的关联字段。test_b
、test_c
、test_d
、test_e
:附表,分别包含不同的数据字段。
这些表通过外键关联,
test_a
表中的test_b_id
、test_c_id
、test_d_id
和test_e_id
字段指向各自的附表。数据量:约 100,000 条数据,分别在主表和附表中填充数据。
一.建表语句
主表A
CREATE TABLE `test_a` (
`id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`description` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`test_b_id` int DEFAULT NULL,
`test_c_id` int DEFAULT NULL,
`test_d_id` int DEFAULT NULL,
`test_e_id` int DEFAULT NULL,
`created_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
`updated_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;
附表b,c,d,e
CREATE TABLE `test_b` (
`id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`field_b1` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`field_b2` int DEFAULT NULL,
`created_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=792843462 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;
CREATE TABLE `test_c` (
`id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`field_c1` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`field_c2` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
`created_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=100096 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;
CREATE TABLE `test_d` (
`id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`field_d1` text,
`field_d2` tinyint(1) DEFAULT NULL,
`created_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=100300 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;
CREATE TABLE `test_e` (
`id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`field_e1` int DEFAULT NULL,
`field_e2` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`created_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=100444 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;
二.填充数据
@SpringBootTest
class DemoTestQuerySpringbootApplicationTests {
@Autowired
private TestAMapper testAMapper;
@Autowired
private TestBMapper testBMapper;
@Autowired
private TestCMapper testCMapper;
@Autowired
private TestDMapper testDMapper;
@Autowired
private TestEMapper testEMapper;
@Test
void contextLoads() {
// 随机数生成器
Random random = new Random();
for (int i = 1; i <= 100000; i++) {
// 插入 test_b 数据
int testBId = insertTestB(random);
// 插入 test_c 数据
int testCId = insertTestC(random);
// 插入 test_d 数据
int testDId = insertTestD(random);
// 插入 test_e 数据
int testEId = insertTestE(random);
// 插入 test_a 数据
insertTestA(testBId, testCId, testDId, testEId, random);
}
}
private int insertTestB(Random random) {
TestB testB = new TestB();
testB.setFieldB1("B Field " + random.nextInt(1000));
testB.setFieldB2(random.nextInt(1000));
testBMapper.insert(testB); // 插入数据
return testB.getId();
}
private int insertTestC(Random random) {
TestC testC = new TestC();
testC.setFieldC1("C Field " + random.nextInt(1000));
testC.setFieldC2(new java.sql.Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()));
testCMapper.insert(testC); // 插入数据
return testC.getId();
}
private int insertTestD(Random random) {
TestD testD = new TestD();
testD.setFieldD1("D Field " + random.nextInt(1000));
testD.setFieldD2(random.nextBoolean());
testDMapper.insert(testD); // 插入数据
return testD.getId();
}
private int insertTestE(Random random) {
TestE testE = new TestE();
testE.setFieldE1(random.nextInt(1000));
testE.setFieldE2("E Field " + random.nextInt(1000));
testEMapper.insert(testE); // 插入数据
return testE.getId();
}
private void insertTestA(int testBId, int testCId, int testDId, int testEId, Random random) {
TestA testA = new TestA();
testA.setName("Test A Name " + random.nextInt(1000));
testA.setDescription("Test A Description " + random.nextInt(1000));
testA.setTestBId(testBId);
testA.setTestCId(testCId);
testA.setTestDId(testDId);
testA.setTestEId(testEId);
testAMapper.insert(testA); // 插入数据
}
}
三.配置线程池
3.1配置
/**
* 实现AsyncConfigurer接口
* 并重写了 getAsyncExecutor方法,
* 这个方法返回 myExecutor(),
* Spring 默认会将 myExecutor 作为 @Async 方法的线程池。
*/
@Configuration
@EnableAsync
public class ThreadPoolConfig implements AsyncConfigurer {
/**
* 项目共用线程池
*/
public static final String TEST_QUERY = "testQuery";
@Override
public Executor getAsyncExecutor() {
return myExecutor();
}
@Bean(TEST_QUERY)
@Primary
public ThreadPoolTaskExecutor myExecutor() {
//spring的线程池
ThreadPoolTaskExecutor executor = new ThreadPoolTaskExecutor();
//线程池优雅停机的关键
executor.setWaitForTasksToCompleteOnShutdown(true);
executor.setCorePoolSize(10);
executor.setMaxPoolSize(10);
executor.setQueueCapacity(200);
executor.setThreadNamePrefix("my-executor-");
//拒绝策略->满了调用线程执行,认为重要任务
executor.setRejectedExecutionHandler(new ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy());
//自己就是一个线程工程
executor.setThreadFactory(new MyThreadFactory(executor));
executor.initialize();
return executor;
}
}
3.2异常处理
public class MyUncaughtExceptionHandler implements Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler {
private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MyUncaughtExceptionHandler.class);
@Override
public void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e) {
log.error("Exception in thread",e);
}
}
3.3线程工厂
@AllArgsConstructor
public class MyThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {
private static final MyUncaughtExceptionHandler MyUncaughtExceptionHandler = new MyUncaughtExceptionHandler();
private ThreadFactory original;
@Override
public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
//执行Spring线程自己的创建逻辑
Thread thread = original.newThread(r);
//我们自己额外的逻辑
thread.setUncaughtExceptionHandler(MyUncaughtExceptionHandler);
return thread;
}
}
四.Service查询方法
4.1left join连接查询
@Override
public IPage<TestAll> getTestAllPage_1(int current, int size) {
// 创建 Page 对象,current 为当前页,size 为每页大小
Page<TestAll> page = new Page<>(current, size);
return testAMapper.selectAllWithPage(page);
}
对应的xml 的sql语句
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE mapper PUBLIC "-//mybatis.org//DTD Mapper 3.0//EN" "http://mybatis.org/dtd/mybatis-3-mapper.dtd">
<mapper namespace="org.fth.demotestqueryspringboot.com.test.mapper.TestAMapper">
<!-- 基本的 ResultMap 映射 -->
<resultMap id="BaseResultMap" type="org.fth.demotestqueryspringboot.com.test.entity.vo.TestAll">
<id column="test_a_id" jdbcType="INTEGER" property="testAId" />
<result column="name" jdbcType="VARCHAR" property="name" />
<result column="description" jdbcType="VARCHAR" property="description" />
<result column="test_b_id" jdbcType="INTEGER" property="testBId" />
<result column="test_c_id" jdbcType="INTEGER" property="testCId" />
<result column="test_d_id" jdbcType="INTEGER" property="testDId" />
<result column="test_e_id" jdbcType="INTEGER" property="testEId" />
<result column="created_at" jdbcType="TIMESTAMP" property="createdAt" />
<result column="updated_at" jdbcType="TIMESTAMP" property="updatedAt" />
<!-- TestB -->
<result column="field_b1" jdbcType="VARCHAR" property="fieldB1" />
<result column="field_b2" jdbcType="INTEGER" property="fieldB2" />
<result column="test_b_created_at" jdbcType="TIMESTAMP" property="testBCreatedAt" />
<!-- TestC -->
<result column="field_c1" jdbcType="VARCHAR" property="fieldC1" />
<result column="field_c2" jdbcType="TIMESTAMP" property="fieldC2" />
<result column="test_c_created_at" jdbcType="TIMESTAMP" property="testCCreatedAt" />
<!-- TestD -->
<result column="field_d1" jdbcType="VARCHAR" property="fieldD1" />
<result column="field_d2" jdbcType="BOOLEAN" property="fieldD2" />
<result column="test_d_created_at" jdbcType="TIMESTAMP" property="testDCreatedAt" />
<!-- TestE -->
<result column="field_e1" jdbcType="INTEGER" property="fieldE1" />
<result column="field_e2" jdbcType="VARCHAR" property="fieldE2" />
<result column="test_e_created_at" jdbcType="TIMESTAMP" property="testECreatedAt" />
</resultMap>
<!-- 分页查询 TestA 和其他表的数据 -->
<select id="selectAllWithPage" resultMap="BaseResultMap">
SELECT
a.id AS test_a_id,
a.name,
a.description,
a.test_b_id,
a.test_c_id,
a.test_d_id,
a.test_e_id,
a.created_at,
a.updated_at,
-- TestB
b.field_b1,
b.field_b2,
b.created_at AS test_b_created_at,
-- TestC
c.field_c1,
c.field_c2,
c.created_at AS test_c_created_at,
-- TestD
d.field_d1,
d.field_d2,
d.created_at AS test_d_created_at,
-- TestE
e.field_e1,
e.field_e2,
e.created_at AS test_e_created_at
FROM test_a a
LEFT JOIN test_b b ON a.test_b_id = b.id
LEFT JOIN test_c c ON a.test_c_id = c.id
LEFT JOIN test_d d ON a.test_d_id = d.id
LEFT JOIN test_e e ON a.test_e_id = e.id
</select>
</mapper>
4.2多线程查询
@Override
public IPage<TestAll> getTestAllPage_2(int current, int size) {
IPage<TestA> testAPage = testAMapper.selectPage(new Page<>(current, size), null);
List<TestA> testAS = testAPage.getRecords();
CompletableFuture<List<TestB>> futureBs = selectTestBids(testAS.stream().map(TestA::getTestBId).collect(Collectors.toSet()));
CompletableFuture<List<TestC>> futureCs = selectTestCids(testAS.stream().map(TestA::getTestCId).collect(Collectors.toSet()));
CompletableFuture<List<TestD>> futureDs = selectTestDids(testAS.stream().map(TestA::getTestDId).collect(Collectors.toSet()));
CompletableFuture<List<TestE>> futureEs = selectTestEids(testAS.stream().map(TestA::getTestEId).collect(Collectors.toSet()));
// 等待所有异步任务完成并收集结果
CompletableFuture<Void> allFutures = CompletableFuture.allOf(futureBs, futureCs, futureDs, futureEs);
try {
// 等待所有异步任务完成
allFutures.get();
} catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
throw new RuntimeException("Failed to fetch data", e);
}
// 获取异步查询的结果
List<TestB> bs = futureBs.join();
List<TestC> cs = futureCs.join();
List<TestD> ds = futureDs.join();
List<TestE> es = futureEs.join();
// 将结果映射到Map以便快速查找
Map<Integer, TestB> bMap = bs.stream().collect(Collectors.toMap(TestB::getId, b -> b));
Map<Integer, TestC> cMap = cs.stream().collect(Collectors.toMap(TestC::getId, c -> c));
Map<Integer, TestD> dMap = ds.stream().collect(Collectors.toMap(TestD::getId, d -> d));
Map<Integer, TestE> eMap = es.stream().collect(Collectors.toMap(TestE::getId, e -> e));
List<TestAll> testAllList = testAS.stream().map(testA -> {
TestAll testAll = new TestAll();
testAll.setTestAId(testA.getId());
testAll.setName(testA.getName());
testAll.setDescription(testA.getDescription());
testAll.setCreatedAt(testA.getCreatedAt());
// 根据 testBId 填充 TestB 的字段
if (testA.getTestBId() != null) {
TestB testB = bMap.get(testA.getTestBId());
if (testB != null) {
testAll.setFieldB1(testB.getFieldB1());
testAll.setFieldB2(testB.getFieldB2());
testAll.setTestBCreatedAt(testB.getCreatedAt());
}
}
// 根据 testCId 填充 TestC 的字段
if (testA.getTestCId() != null) {
TestC testC = cMap.get(testA.getTestCId());
if (testC != null) {
testAll.setFieldC1(testC.getFieldC1());
testAll.setFieldC2(testC.getFieldC2());
testAll.setTestCCreatedAt(testC.getCreatedAt());
}
}
// 根据 testDId 填充 TestD 的字段
if (testA.getTestDId() != null) {
TestD testD = dMap.get(testA.getTestDId());
if (testD != null) {
testAll.setFieldD1(testD.getFieldD1());
testAll.setFieldD2(testD.getFieldD2());
testAll.setTestDCreatedAt(testD.getCreatedAt());
}
}
// 根据 testEId 填充 TestE 的字段
if (testA.getTestEId() != null) {
TestE testE = eMap.get(testA.getTestEId());
if (testE != null) {
testAll.setFieldE1(testE.getFieldE1());
testAll.setFieldE2(testE.getFieldE2());
testAll.setTestECreatedAt(testE.getCreatedAt());
}
}
return testAll;
}).collect(Collectors.toList());
// 创建并返回新的分页对象
IPage<TestAll> page = new Page<>(testAPage.getCurrent(), testAPage.getSize(), testAPage.getTotal());
page.setRecords(testAllList);
return page;
}
@Async
public CompletableFuture<List<TestB>> selectTestBids(Set<Integer> bids) {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> testBMapper.selectBatchIds(bids));
}
@Async
public CompletableFuture<List<TestC>> selectTestCids(Set<Integer> cids) {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> testCMapper.selectBatchIds(cids));
}
@Async
public CompletableFuture<List<TestD>> selectTestDids(Set<Integer> dids) {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> testDMapper.selectBatchIds(dids));
}
@Async
public CompletableFuture<List<TestE>> selectTestEids(Set<Integer> eids) {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> testEMapper.selectBatchIds(eids));
}
五.结果测试
5.1连接查询
查询结果表格
current | size | 响应时间 |
---|---|---|
1 | 20 | 16ms |
50 | 20 | 23ms |
100 | 20 | 22ms |
500 | 20 | 52ms |
200 | 200 | 213ms |
500 | 200 | 517ms |
5.2多线程查询
查询结果表格
current | size | 响应时间 |
---|---|---|
1 | 20 | 18ms |
50 | 20 | 17ms |
100 | 20 | 17ms |
500 | 20 | 21ms |
200 | 200 | 56ms |
500 | 200 | 80ms |
总结与建议
- 选择联表查询:当数据量较小,或者查询逻辑较为简单时,使用联表查询可以更简单直接,查询性能也较为优秀。
- 选择多线程查询:当面对大数据量或者复杂查询时,采用多线程查询将带来更显著的性能提升。通过异步并行查询,可以有效缩短响应时间,提升系统的整体性能。
在实际开发中,可以根据具体的业务需求和数据库的规模,合理选择查询方式,从而提高数据库查询效率,优化系统性能