英语语法笔记

英语笔记

一，简单句

1.1 简单句成分-基本结构

句子分类：

1. 主谓
2. 主谓宾
3. 主系表
4. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
5. 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语

1.2 简单句成分-谓语

（1）什么词可以做谓语？

• 系动词，实意动词而且一定要有时态和语态

（2）一句话能否出现两个或两个以上的动词或动词短语

• 谓语只能是动词
• 动词只能是谓语
• 动词只能做谓语

1. Do nothing is my habit(动词不能做主语)

• 动词不能做宾语

1. I enjoy sleep

• 动词不能做表语

1. My dream is（to） pass the postgraduate examinate

长难句第一步先找谓语，所以我们需要把一句话当中所有不做谓语的动词全部变成不是动词

如何变成不是动词（非谓语动词）？

• to do 目的
• ing 主动
• ed 被动

非谓语动词 : 也有存在的意义，除了谓语，其他成分都可以充当。

类比：在皇宫里面生活的男人：（皇上：谓语动词）（太监：非谓语动词）什么活都可以干

（3）谓语动词非常重要

1. 听到这个消息，她开心的跳了起来。

   Hearing the news , she jumped happly.

2. 大雁推开门走了进去，看到学生们都坐在椅子上。

   Dayan pushed the door, walking in and seeing student’s sitting on the chairs.

3. 乌镇是浙江的一个水镇，它位于京杭大运河旁。

   WuZhen is（谓语动词） a water town in ZheJiang province, it located（非谓语动词） near the river from BJ to HZ.

   locate+ing表示定位的意思，如果是位于+ed.

4. 冬天来了，春天就不远了

   Winter coming,Spring will come too.

   独立主格：前后主语一致就后面省略，只保留前面，前后主语不一致就叫独立主格。

   Q:为啥会有独立主格？

   A:因为外国人的思维很奇怪，想着把多句话写成一句话，所以只能有一个主语，其他动词只能变成非谓语动词，这就是独立主格。

5. 舞会被取消，大雁失望的回家了。

   The dancing party cancelled,Dayan went home disappointedly.独立主格

   The dancing party was cancelled,and Dayan went home disappointedly.

   可数名词永远不能单独使用，要么+a,要么+the,要么+s

   上面是两句话，所以有两个谓语动词

（4）一句话能否没有动词呢？

1. 铁锤在家呢！

   He is at home.

2. 这个商人的妻子很年轻。

   xxx’s wife is very yang

3. 幸福像花儿一样。

   Happiness is like flowers

   当一句话没有动词却需要动词时，永远都+be动词，并且be动词没有意思。

总结：一句话当中，有且只能有一个时态和语态的实义动词或系动词的存在，并且充当谓语。

1.3 简单句成分-主语

（1）主语的成分

1. 名词

2. 代词

3. 非谓语动词

4. 从句：句子前面+引导词才能做主语

   （1）帅和努力是他的两个特点

   • Handsome(adj) and hard(adv) are his characteristics.

   • Handsomeness and hard work …

   • Being handsome and hard working is … （当非谓语动词做主语，谓语动词用单数）

   （2）女孩都爱美。

   • girl tend love beautiful

   • girls tend to love beauty

     1. 可数名词单数不能单独做主语，得加the,a,s等

     2. tend , love两个动词，其中一个要变成非谓语动词

     3. 形容词不能做副词，beautiful改成beauty

   (3)科幻故事总能使我着迷。

   • Science fiction story always fascinates me.
   • Science fiction stories always fascinate me.

（2）主语可不可以少？

A: 绝对不能少，一句话没有主语怎么办呢？

• 无主的解决方案：

1. it作形式主语，必须和天气，温度和时间有关系。

2. There be 句型，没有主语，且谓语听到有。

   （1）他的头上有朵花

   There is a flower on his head.

   （2）有很多人喜欢我。

   There are loads of people having affection for me. having affection for == like

   （3）有很多原因能解释我的观点。

   There are numerous factors accounting for my perspective.

3. 被动

   （1）必须指出坚持是成功的必备因素

   Persistence must be pointed out to be essential to success.（多被动，少主动）

   什么时候可以写成被动句呢？

   1. 英语中的无主句经常写成被动句

   2. 人或人称代词做主语的句子

      （1）越来越多的人意识到污染很严重

      pollution is thought to be serious by an increasing number of people.

      an increasing number of == more and more

      （2）我们不应该盲目追星

      Superstars should never be worshipped blindly.

      （3）孝敬父母很重要

      Respecting parents is argued to be of great importance.

4. 人称代词作主语

   这是最后的选择，只有当以上三种方法都解决不了的时候，最后才用人称代词作主语。

（1）抽空去看看你的妈妈吧，虽然她以前做过一些错误的决定。

Time should be make to see your mother,although She might make some wrong decisions in the past.(主从复合句，允许有两个动词)

（2）当战争爆发了，他们的母亲把他们送到了乡下。

When the war broke out ,their mother sent them to the countryside.

（3）因为墙上贴满了他的奖状，我震惊了。

I was shocked because the wall was covered with this awards.

1.4简单句成分-宾语

（1）宾语的成分

1. 名词
2. 代词
3. 非谓语动词
4. 从句

主语和宾语可以通过被动互换位置，所以主语和谓语的成分一样，都是这四个。

（1）我的儿子虽然才三岁，但是他已经懂得了善良和感恩。

• My son is only 3 years old , but he already knows kind and grateful.
• My son is only 3 years old , but he already knows being kind and grateful.

（2）我在思考恐龙还可能复活吗？

• I am wondering can dinosaur come bake to life?
• I am wondering 从句引导词 can dinosaurs come bake to life?

1.5 简单句成分-表语

（1）主语的成分

• 名词、代词、非谓语动词、形容词、介词短语、从句。

  (1) 他看起来很消极

  she looks nagative

1.6 简单句成分-动词的分类

1. 实义动词

实义动词是表示具体动作的词。

常见分类：及物动词和不及物动词。

• 及物动词：accept the idea,buy a book (“及”一定挨着宾语)
• 不及物动词：后面不能直接加宾语，必须要加了介词以后才能加宾语

2. 系动词

一共有六类

常见分类：

• 表示状态：be动词（链接主语和表语，无意义，用于构成句子）
• 表示感官：look,sound,taste,smell,feel(感官动词后面只能加形容词)
• 表示变化：grow,fall,get,become
• 表示保持：stand,keep,stay,remain
• 表示表象： seem,appear
• 表示结果：prove

3. 情态动词（不做谓语）

   说话人主观态度的的词就是情态动词，情态动词只表明说话人的态度，所以不能做单独做谓语，需要后面加动词原形才能做谓语。

   • 情态动词表示过去的推测：情态动词+have done

     Tiechui must have been self-abased(自卑) in the university

     You needn’t have shown your love in this way.(本不必要)

     I could have become an excellent poet.(本能够但却没有做，表遗憾)

     He should have married a graceful lade.

     must have done：一定做过某事

     needn’t have done：本没必要做某事，但是做了

     could have done：本能够做某事，但没有做 == regretful

     should have done：本应该做某事，但没有做

4. 助动词-分类及用法 （不做谓语）

   助动词主要帮助谓语动词构成时态、语态、疑问、否定、强调的动词。

   be
   助动词be主要用来帮助谓语构成进行时态和被动语态

   (1) I am studying(谓语) in America now. （am 构成了当前的时态是现在进行时）

   ---

   do

   do/did/does以及否定形式don’t/didn’t/doesn’t

   主要用来构成否定句、疑问句。

   (1) Do you know Lisa well? 你很了解Lisa吗？

   (2) Do be careful when crossing the streets. 过马路的时候一定要小心。

   ---

   have

   have 的各种形式has/had/否定haven’t/hasn’t/hadn’t主要用来帮助构成完成时。

   (1) We haven’t finished our word yet.

   (2) We will (助动词，构成时态)have（助动词，构成现在完成时） finished our work by next week.

   ---

   will/would

   will/would作助动词，后面+动词原型帮助构成将来时

   I will（帮助构成将来时） arrive in Beijing at five o’clock.

助动词和情态动词不做谓语，他俩是配和前面的系动词和实义动词使用的，帮助谓语动词构成时态和语态。

1.7 简单句成分-动词时态

时态分类 \ 时态	一般时态	进行时态	完成时态	完成进行时态
现在	一般现在时：动词原形（第三人称单数加 -s/es） 例：I play football every day. She plays the piano very well.	现在进行时：am/is/are + 动词现在分词 例：I am playing football now.	现在完成时：have/has + 动词过去分词 例：I have played football for two hours.	现在完成进行时：have/has been + 动词现在分词 例：I have been playing football since this morning.
过去	一般过去时：动词过去式 例：I played football yesterday.	过去进行时：was/were + 动词现在分词 例：I was playing football at this time yesterday.	过去完成时：had + 动词过去分词 例：I had played football before he came.	过去完成进行时：had been + 动词现在分词 例：I had been playing football for three hours when he called me.
将来	一般将来时：will/shall + 动词原形 或 be going to + 动词原形 例：I will/shall play football tomorrow. I’m going to play football tomorrow.	将来进行时：will/shall be + 动词现在分词 例：I will be playing football at this time tomorrow.	将来完成时：will/shall have + 动词过去分词 例：I will have played football by the time you come.	将来完成进行时：will/shall have been + 动词现在分词 例：I will have been playing football for four hours by 5 o’clock.
过去将来	一般过去将来时：would/should + 动词原形 或 was/were going to + 动词原形 例：He said he would/should play football the next day. He said he was going to play football the next day.	过去将来进行时：would/should be + 动词现在分词 例：He said he would be playing football at that time the next day.	过去将来完成时：would/should have + 动词过去分词 例：He said he would have played football by the end of the week.	过去将来完成进行时：would/should have been + 动词现在分词 例：She said she would have been playing football for two hours by the time we arrived.

考研考到的时态

• （一）一般现在时

• （二）一般过去时和现在完成时的区别：相同点动作都发生在过去，不同点一般过去时通常有具体的时间点，而现在完成时是没有具体的时间点的，现在完成时要不是一段时间，要么就没有时间。

  (1) 一般过去时

  He quarreled with his mother just now.

  I was a poet 3 years ago.

  表示动作发生在过去，并且有确切的时间点的时候用一般过去式，1.描述图表的时候用一般过去式。2举例。

  (2)现在完成时

  My mother has been a housewife so far.

  I have fallen in love with my boyfriend since met him last year.

  表示已经，曾经就用现在完成时

• （三）一般将来时

  表示一个动作即将发生，状语从句也经常使用“主将从现”

• （四）现在进行时

  be+动词ing

  描述图画的时候经常用现在进行时，因为很生动。

• （五）过去完成时

  过去完成时有两个过去的时间点做比较时才用过去完成时，否则不轻易使用过去完成时。

  My husband had slept when i got home last night.

  He had got divorced with his wife before i met him last year.

1.8 简单句成分-动词语态

be动词+动词的过去分词

1.9 简单句成分-考点分析

1. 写作

   1）单词不会写？

   所有写不来的单词都可以换成自己会的单词，反正老师也不知道我想表达什么意思:happy:.

   2)长难句写出来就是错的？

   温室里的花朵不能经受风雨，这个事实表明孩子不应该被溺爱。

   ⭐️ The fact that the flower in the greenhouse fails to endure any storm indicates that kids should never be spoiled.

   🌟 The flower in the house cannot suffer storms. We should not protect our children too much.

2. 长难句分析

   第一步：找谓语

   如果一句话找到多个动词，就找主句的谓语动词（前面没有引导词的动词就是主句的谓语动词，从句前面一定有引导词）

   ①Astrophysicists（主语） working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing （谓语）in on such structures（宾语）(1998年翻译)

   只翻译主干——天体物理学家们正在研究这些结构。

   ②Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task(2005年翻译)

   只翻译主干——创造一个“欧洲特色”绝非易事。

二，并列句

2.1并列句-概述及连词

1）Many people are willing to fight for their dreams, other die in their sleep.

把两句话合成一句话有三种方式

①中间加并列连词连接两个分句

Many people are willing to fight for their dreams,but other die in their sleep.

②句子中只留一个动词做谓语，其他动词变形成为非谓语动词，构成独立主格结构。

Many people being willing to fightfor their dreams, others die in their sleep.

③将其中一个不重要的句子变成从句，重要的句子留为主句

Although many people are willing to fight for their dreams,other die in their sleep.

Many people are willing to fight for their dreams, although other die in their sleep.

⭐️重要的句子做主句

🔴 并列句就是连词连接两个句子（包括从句）

①He always works hard at evening ,so my mother asks me to learn from him.

②My boyfriend promises(实义动词后面跟宾语) me that he really loves me and that he will spend all his life protecting me.

③As you are trapped in a dilemma ,those (who don’t understand you and who don’t accompany you) will no deserve your love.

(1). 常见的并列连词

1）平行关系

and, not only..but also..., both...and....，neither…nor…等

2）转折关系

but , while ,yet ,whereas等

3）选择关系

or, whether…or , not…, either…or…等

4）因果关系

because,since,for,so等

(2). 表示逻辑关系的其他词（副词和介词短语）

1）平行关系

equally, similarly, likewise, simultaneously, at the same time, in the meanwhile, in the same way

2）递进关系

then, also, besides, furthermore, moreover, additionally, subsequently, in addition等。

3）转折关系

however, nevertheless, nonetheless,conversely, contrarily, unfortunately, unexpectedly, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand等。

4）选择关系

alternative等

5)因果关系

因为：because of, be responsible for, due to, owing to , thanks to 等

所以：thus , hence, consequently, therefore, as a result, as a consequence等

6）总结关系

on the whole , all in all, overall , in conclusion/summary/general, generally(speaking), as a whole, mainly , substantially, to sum up, to conclude, in short/brief, in a word等。

7）引出新对象

关于：about=concerning = regarding = with regard to = as for/to等

就…而言，在…方面: in terms of，in respect of 等。

(3). 同意思的词与其他逻辑关系词的区别

连词前面有没有逗号均可，但当使用副词和介词短语时，前面要么用句号，要么用连词and

①天空没有痕迹，但是鸟儿已经飞过。

There were no trailsin the sky, but the birds flied away.

There were no trails in the sky, and on the contrary the birds flied away.

②平庸的人用热闹填补空虚，优秀的人则以独处成就自己。

Ordinary persons fill the void with excitement, yet these excellent ones accomplish themselves by solitude.

③某个人说过，“做错事才能长见识，所以人生应当做错一些事情”。

You can increase knowledge by doing wrong. As a consequence, you should do something wrong in your life.(这里没有使用并列词，而是用逻辑副词连接，所以不能用逗号，而是用句号，表示这是两个句子)

④人们都在人生的苦难中挣扎。有些浴火重生，有些却粉身碎骨。

⭐️ People are all struggling in life. Some rise from the ashes, while other fall to pieces.

🌟 People are all struggling in life. Some rise from the ashes, and nonetheless other fall to pieces.

2.2并列句-考点分析

(1).并列句之写作

只要上下文之间有逻辑关系，通常都要使用逻辑关系词（连词，介词，介词短语，副词）

①有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？

There are friends coming from a far . As a consequence, I feel delighted.

②还记得那天吗？我没有通过大学英语四级考试，一个人哭啼，你走过来，拍拍我的肩膀，告诉我人生没有终点。

⭐️ Do you still remember that day? I failed to pass CET4. Therefore, I shed tears in the rain alone, and at the same time, you came up to me. Then you beat(谓语动词) my shoulder ,telling（变成非谓语动词，独立主格） me there’s no destination in life.

③他爱的人早已经结婚了，他却依然默默地幻想着这份爱情。

His old flame has got married, and conversely , he still misses(fancy/fantasy 幻想) the love silently.

④不要后悔对别人好，因为你对别人好，不是因为他有多好，而是你够好。

Do not regret being good to others because you are good to others, not as he is good, but as you are nice enough.

• regret doing sth 后悔做过某事

⑤学习英语不但能让我们更多的了解外国文化，还能帮助我们和外国人顺畅的交流。

Learning English not only makes us understand foreign culture better but also helps us communicate with foreigners smoothly.

⑥污染不但使很多孩子患上了不知名的疾病，而且更重要的是，使我们失去了纯净的蓝天。

Pollution not only causes many children to suffer from unknown diseases, but also more importantly, deprives us of a clear blue sky.

⑦青藏铁路大大的缩短了其他地方与西藏之间的旅行时间。更重要的是，它极大的促进了西藏的经济发展，改善了当地居民的生活。

Tibet railway makes travel time short. Ad more importantly it promotes economic development in Tibet, changing the life of locals.

(2).并列句之长难句分析

• 第一步，找主句的谓语动词
• 第二步，找连词（连接两个单词的就不用找了）

(一)并列句成分的对应

1）词性的对应

2）成分的对应

(二)并列句中的省略现象

1）省略的成分：

①省略主语

②省略be动词

Its scientists were the world’s best , and its works were the most skilled.

③省略主语和谓语

The new made John happy but The news made Marry sad.

④省略重复的其他内容

I was beaten and you were beaten too.

Reading makes a full man ,conference makes a ready man , and writing makes an exact man.(阅读→充实，讨论→机智，写作→精确)

一句话只要有连词，通常都会有省略。省略一定在连词后，连词后面有的成分连词前面通常有。连词前面有，连词后面没有的便是省略的内容。

“通常”：如果连词后面只有一个成分的话连词前面一定可以找到他的对应成分；如果连词后有多个成分的话，连词前不一定都能找到对应成分，但至少得找到一个。

三，名词（短语）和名词性从句

3.1 名词（短语）能作什么成分

①The movie is encouraging.主语

②I appreciate the hero.宾语

③He is a tough guy.表语

④I enjoy the movie, The Shawshank Redemption.同位语

补充同位语

(一)，什么是同位语

解释名词的成分就是同位语,同位语只能在名词后面出线

举例：

①大雁—我老婆，太漂亮了。

Dayan,my wife,is so beautiful!

②我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

We,Chinese people are brave and hardworking.

(二)，什么可以作同位语

1. 代词作同位语

   I can not bear the girl in front of me , her.

2. 名词作同位语

   Tiechui, a handsome boy, never fails to fascinate me.

3. 非谓语动词作同位语

   I enjoy this sport , playing basketball.

   He has a dream to travel round the whole world.

4. 同位语从句

   The news that our women volleyball team bad won the championship encouraged(谓语) us all greatly.

3.2 名词性从句

（一）什么是名词性从句

1. 什么是从句

   从句就是“引导词（连词）+分句”

2. 什么是名词性从句

   ①What I saw last night is encouraging.主语从句

   ②I appreciate What the hero said in the movie.宾语从句

   ③Andy is who were should learn from in despair.表语从句

   ④I enjoy the plot of the movie, That Andy saved himself with great ambition.同位语从句

   名词在句子中能充当什么成分，从句在句子中就也可以充当什么成分，这就是名词性从句。名词性从句一共分成四类：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句。

3. 名词性从句的引导词

   ①铁锤能赢得这场比赛（主）是（系动词）很确定的（表语）。

   • 称述句，没有提出问题。

   That Tiechui will win the competition is certain.

   ②铁锤能赢得这场比赛吗？（主）依然是（系动词）个问题（表语）。

   • 一般疑问句，使用yes或no回答。

   Whether Will Tiechui will win the competition is still a question.

   一般疑问句暗含“是否”的意思，添加了whether表是否的意思后，和之前的疑问句语义重复了，所以要把"Will Tiechui…"改成陈述句的语序，把will 放在Tiechui之后。

   ③铁锤为什么能赢得这场比赛（主）是（系动词）很明显的（表语）？

   • 特殊疑问句，需要使用具体的句子回答。

   Why can Tiechui can win the competition is self-evident.

   这里并没有“疑问”，只是说Tiechui能赢得这场比赛，依然吧一般疑问句的句式放在陈述句的句式，把can放在名词后。

   名词性从句的引导词按照从句的类型来划分可以分成三类：

   ①that：当从句是称述句时，并且that在从句中补充当任何成分，也没有任何意思。

   ②whether：当从句是一般疑问句时，Whether翻译为是否，但不充当成分。

   ③所有的特殊疑问词：当从句是特殊疑问句时，并且英语中所有从句一定是陈述句的形式。也就是引导词+主语+谓语的形式。

练习：

①我想知道人类为什么生活在地球上。

I wonder why humans live on the earth.

②外星人存在是否真的很重要。（一句话没有谓语就+is）

Whether aliens exist is really important.(主语从句)

③当你身处低谷时，周围的人会对你很冷漠是显而易见的。

That every individual around you is indifferent to you when you are in low points.

④他们全家当初为什么离开河南去新疆（主语）至今为止都（谓语）是个秘密（表语）。

Why his family left Henan for Xinjiang at the beginning is a secret until now.

离开某地去某地：left smwhere for smwhere

⑤读书的目的是净化我们的灵魂（主）是（谓语）毋庸置疑的（表）。

That reading is to purify our souls is beyond dispute.

beyond dispute：超越争论，毋庸置疑的。

⑥有一天你（主）就会发现（谓语），事业，亲情和友情都比爱情重要（宾语从句）。

Some day , you will find that career, kinship and friendship are more important than love.

⑦我（主）正在思考（谓语）我是否应该放弃考研（宾语从句）。

I am reflecting whether i should give up the postgraduate entrance examination.

（二）名词性从句的考点分析

1. 写作—主语从句

   她成功交到了朋友使我很开心。

   That she has succeeded in making friends makes me happy.

   It makes me happy that she has succeeded in making friends.

   女人总是对的是一种常识。

   That Ladies tend to be right is common knowledge.

   It is common knowledge that ladies tend to be right.

   [!Note]
   主语从句在写作中的满分表达就是使用it作形式主语。

   ①It has been widely accepted that… 人们普遍认为/总所周知...

   ②It is self-evident that … ....是显而易见的。

   ③It is common knowledge that… ....是一个常识

   ④It is generally agreed that… 人们普遍认为/众所周知...

   ⑤It is my belief that … = I think that… 我认为....

   ⑥It is universally acknowledged that… 人们普遍知道的...

   ⑦It has been found that… 人们已经发现....

   ⑧It is beyond dispute that… ...是毋庸置疑的。

   本句型可以写在作文中任何一句话的前面，用来拉长句子。

   举例：

   ①积极的心态对于成功至关重要，这是一个常识。

   It is common knowledge that a positive attitude plays a key role in achieving success.

   ②我认为关于污染的这个话题现在应该引起人们的关注了。

   It is my belief that the issue about pollution should be brought into the limelight under modern conditions.

2. 同位语从句

   ①没有人会不努力就变得优秀，这个事实总是被很多人忽略。

   The truth that no one will become outstanding without hard work is ignored by oceans of people.

   ②没有什么能够掩盖她正在变老这个事实。

   Nothing can hide the fact that she is getting old.

   ③他们到处都在散播消息说大雁是个骗子。

   Everywhere,They spread the news that Dayan is a deceiver.

3. 长难句分析

   心态+方法+坚持+勤奋

（三）主语从句的识别

引导词出现在句首，一般有两种情况，状语从句和主语从句。有引导词放在句首，且没有用逗号隔开，通常都是主语从句。It’s…that（一直到句末）通常也是主语从句。

rest upon = depend on 取决于，依赖于

（四）宾语从句的识别

①She said(that)she show marry a young and promising doctor.

在所有的从句中，that只有在引导宾语从句时候才能忽略，但不建议省略。

②I wonder if i can pass the postgraduate entrance examination smoothly.

• whether可以引导所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句。
• if在这里也可以翻译成“是否”。
• out of 要根据句意翻译成“之中”或“之外”

四，定语和定语从句

4.1定语的概述

（一）什么是定语

只要听到...的+n，...就是修饰这个名词的定语成分。

举例：

①那只善良的夜莺失去了它的生命。

“善良的”修饰“夜莺”

②住在年轻人隔壁的那个女生应该很漂亮。

“住在年轻人隔壁”修饰“女生”

③家境贫困的年轻人爱上了教授的女儿。

“家境贫困”修饰“年轻人”

“教授”修饰“女儿”

（二）定语的成分

1. 形容词（短语）作定语

   ①那只善良的夜莺失去了他的生命。

   The kind-hearted nightingale lost his life.

   ②这朵非凡的玫瑰花变成了深红色。

   The extraordinary rose turns dark red.

2. 名词（短语）作定语

   ①夜莺的歌声能使这朵玫瑰花开放。

   The nightingale’s singing can make the rose bloom.

   ②学生爱上了教授的女儿

   The student falls in love with the professor’s daughter.

   或The student falls in love with the daughter of the professor.

3. 介词短语作定语

   ①窗外的夜莺听到了年轻人的叹息。

   The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the young man.

4. 非谓语动词（分词，不定时）作定语

   ①那只唱歌的夜莺死得很可怜。

   The singing nightingale died pitifully.

   ②单纯的夜莺一定是爱上了那个被女孩欺骗的学生。

   The innocent nightingale must have fallen in love with the student deceived by the girl.

5. 从句作定语

   ①夜莺用生命换来的玫瑰花被扔掉了。

   The rose which the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.

总结

定语的位置取决于它的长短，当一个单词修饰名词（短语）时通常放在名词（短语）前面，当两个以上的单词修饰名词（短语）时通常放在名词（短语）后面。但是，注意过去分词做定语，即使是一个单词也通常放在名词（短语）后。

形容词和副词这两个词的在句子中做的成分通常不互不相关的。

“前小后大”

举例：

①那个被抛弃的男孩看起来很可怜。

The dumped boy looks pitiful.

或是 The boy dumped looks pitiful.

当过去分词修饰名词的时候，即使只有一个单词也通常放在名词后。

（三）定语从句的构成部分

Her favorite celebrity is Kobe（名词） who（引导词） is good at playing basketball.（句子）

先行词[名词（短语）]+引导词+分句

先行词：Kobe即定语从句所要修饰的名词

引导词：Who

分句：is good at playing basketball.

（四）定语从句的引导词

定语从句的引导词是按照先行词的种类分的类，一共把引导词分成5类：人，物，地点，时间，原因。

that：万金油

1）先行词是人，引导词：who,whom,whose

代词： who（既可以做主语，又可以做宾语） , whom(只能做宾语)

形容词：whose

2）先行词是物，引导词：that,which,whose

3)先行词是时间，引导词：that,which when

4)先行词是地点，引导词：that,which,where

5)先行词是原因，引导词：that,which,why

一共有9个引导词，常用的一共有8个引导词

名词性从句的引导词一共分成3类，有很多引导词。

定语从句的引导词一共分成5类，一共有8个引导词。

到底是谁决定了定语从句引导词的用法？

举例：

①My husband might never forget the days when he fell in love with his old flame.

that是个代词(充当主语，宾语，表语)，when是个副词

在名词从句中，that是个引导词，在定语从句中，that是个代词

②My husband might never forget the days that they spent.

that可以做宾语，从句刚好缺宾语。

③You had better have some reason why you are late.

从句什么都不缺，就用副词why

⑦You had better have some reason that sounds perfect.

从句缺主语，用代词that.

---

⑧Tiechui is the millionaire who falls in love with Dayan.

⑨Tiechui is the millionaire who/whom Dayan falls in love with.

⑩Tiechui is the millionaire whose father is impoverished

到底是谁决定了定语从句引导词的用法？

1. 先行词
2. 引导词在从句中能够充当的成分共同决定了定语从句引导词的用法。