Java并发编程,从线程安全到死锁避免的实战解析

发布于:2025-05-11 ⋅ 阅读:(16) ⋅ 点赞:(0)

Java并发编程是构建高性能系统的核心技能,但也伴随着复杂的挑战。本文通过实际代码示例,系统讲解线程安全、死锁、资源竞争等常见问题的解决方案,并深入探讨如何利用Java并发工具包(java.util.concurrent)构建健壮的并发程序。

一、线程安全问题与解决方案

1.1 共享资源的竞态条件(Race Condition)

问题现象
多个线程同时修改共享变量,导致数据不一致。

public class Counter {
    private int count = 0;

    public void increment() {
        count++; // 非原子操作
    }

    public int getCount() {
        return count;
    }
}

// 测试代码
public class RaceConditionTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        Counter counter = new Counter();
        Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {
            for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
                counter.increment();
            }
        });
        Thread t2 = new Thread(() -> {
            for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
                counter.increment();
            }
        });

        t1.start();
        t2.start();
        t1.join();
        t2.join();

        System.out.println("Expected: 20000, Actual: " + counter.getCount());
    }
}

输出结果

Expected: 20000, Actual: 18437

解决方案

使用synchronized关键字
public class SafeCounter {
    private int count = 0;

    public synchronized void increment() {
        count++;
    }

    public synchronized int getCount() {
        return count;
    }
}
使用ReentrantLock
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

public class SafeCounter {
    private int count = 0;
    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();

    public void increment() {
        lock.lock();
        try {
            count++;
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }

    public int getCount() {
        lock.lock();
        try {
            return count;
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }
}
使用AtomicInteger
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;

public class SafeCounter {
    private AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0);

    public void increment() {
        count.incrementAndGet(); // 原子操作
    }

    public int getCount() {
        return count.get();
    }
}

二、死锁问题与避免策略

2.1 死锁产生的条件

四个必要条件

  1. 互斥(Mutual Exclusion)
  2. 请求与保持(Hold and Wait)
  3. 不可抢占(No Preemption)

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