目录结构
编译后会有:conf html logs sbin 四个文件 (其他两个是之前下载的安装包)
- conf:配置文件
- html:页面资源
- logs:日志
- sbin:启动文件,nginx主程序
运行后多了文件:<font style="color:rgb(51,51,51);">client_body_temp fastcgi_temp proxy_temp scgi_temp</font>
这些都是临时文件,可忽略
运行原理
master主进程:
Worker为子进程
nginx配置基础
- 基础配置
# 工作worker子进程(小于cpu数:并行 -- 大于CPU数:并发)
worker_processes 1;
# worker的最大连接
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
# include:引入其他配置文件
# mime.types:请求头(发送类型)
# default_type:默认发送类型
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
# 数据零拷贝
sendfile on;
# 长连接 时间
keepalive_timeout 65;
# 虚拟主机vhost(nginx可配置多个主机)
server {
# nginx端口号
listen 80;
# 主机名
server_name localhost;
# http://localhost:80/【localtion中的uri】
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
# 服务器端发生错误的时候,转到/50x.html地址页面
# 转到/50x.html的时候后,会在html文件夹中,寻找50x.html页面
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
}
}
<font style="color:rgb(38, 38, 38);background-color:rgb(245, 245, 245);">mime.types</font>
请求头类型
types {
text/html html htm shtml;
text/css css;
text/xml xml;
image/gif gif;
image/jpeg jpeg jpg;
application/javascript js;
application/atom+xml atom;
application/rss+xml rss;
text/mathml mml;
text/plain txt;
text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor jad;
text/vnd.wap.wml wml;
text/x-component htc;
image/avif avif;
image/png png;
image/svg+xml svg svgz;
image/tiff tif tiff;
image/vnd.wap.wbmp wbmp;
image/webp webp;
image/x-icon ico;
image/x-jng jng;
image/x-ms-bmp bmp;
font/woff woff;
font/woff2 woff2;
application/java-archive jar war ear;
application/json json;
application/mac-binhex40 hqx;
application/msword doc;
application/pdf pdf;
application/postscript ps eps ai;
application/rtf rtf;
application/vnd.apple.mpegurl m3u8;
application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml kml;
application/vnd.google-earth.kmz kmz;
application/vnd.ms-excel xls;
application/vnd.ms-fontobject eot;
application/vnd.ms-powerpoint ppt;
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics odg;
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation odp;
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet ods;
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text odt;
application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation
pptx;
application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
xlsx;
application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document
docx;
application/vnd.wap.wmlc wmlc;
application/wasm wasm;
application/x-7z-compressed 7z;
application/x-cocoa cco;
application/x-java-archive-diff jardiff;
application/x-java-jnlp-file jnlp;
application/x-makeself run;
application/x-perl pl pm;
application/x-pilot prc pdb;
application/x-rar-compressed rar;
application/x-redhat-package-manager rpm;
application/x-sea sea;
application/x-shockwave-flash swf;
application/x-stuffit sit;
application/x-tcl tcl tk;
application/x-x509-ca-cert der pem crt;
application/x-xpinstall xpi;
application/xhtml+xml xhtml;
application/xspf+xml xspf;
application/zip zip;
application/octet-stream bin exe dll;
application/octet-stream deb;
application/octet-stream dmg;
application/octet-stream iso img;
application/octet-stream msi msp msm;
audio/midi mid midi kar;
audio/mpeg mp3;
audio/ogg ogg;
audio/x-m4a m4a;
audio/x-realaudio ra;
video/3gpp 3gpp 3gp;
video/mp2t ts;
video/mp4 mp4;
video/mpeg mpeg mpg;
video/quicktime mov;
video/webm webm;
video/x-flv flv;
video/x-m4v m4v;
video/x-mng mng;
video/x-ms-asf asx asf;
video/x-ms-wmv wmv;
video/x-msvideo avi;
}
- 开启数据零拷贝工作比较
没开启sendfile:nginx读取到html,然后存入缓存,接着将缓存内容发给网络接口,网络接口发送给互联网
开启sendfile:nginx不缓存html了,直接给网络接口发送信号,让网络接口直接来读取html,然后发送到互联网
- 全部配置
#user nobody;
worker_processes 1;
#error_log logs/error.log;
#error_log logs/error.log notice;
#error_log logs/error.log info;
#pid logs/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
#log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
# '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
# '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
#access_log logs/access.log main;
sendfile on;
#tcp_nopush on;
#keepalive_timeout 0;
keepalive_timeout 65;
#gzip on;
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
# proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1;
#}
# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# root html;
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
# fastcgi_index index.php;
# fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
# include fastcgi_params;
#}
# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
# concurs with nginx's one
#
#location ~ /\.ht {
# deny all;
#}
}
# another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
#
#server {
# listen 8000;
# listen somename:8080;
# server_name somename alias another.alias;
# location / {
# root html;
# index index.html index.htm;
# }
#}
# HTTPS server
#
#server {
# listen 443 ssl;
# server_name localhost;
# ssl_certificate cert.pem;
# ssl_certificate_key cert.key;
# ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
# ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
# ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
# location / {
# root html;
# index index.html index.htm;
# }
#}
虚拟主机配置
域名配置
将域名绑定ip
不同端口访问不同资源
worker_processes 1;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
sendfile on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
root /www/video;
index index.html index.htm;
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
}
server {
listen 81;
server_name localhost;
location / {
root /www/www;
index index.html index.htm;
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
}
}
不同域名访问同一资源
匹配
不同的域名,都会匹配到80端口
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.xingheng.cn a.xingheng.cn;
location / {
root /www/video;
index index.html index.htm;
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
}
匹配规则
- 通配符匹配
server_name *.mmban.com
- 通配符结束匹配
server_name vod.*;
- 正则匹配
server_name ~^[0-9]+\.mmban\.com$;
反向代理
正向代理与反向代理
主要区别在于这两种方式的作用不同,他们的本质其实是一样的(请求转发),代理代理,就是代替某个东西去做什么
- 一个是代理客户端,就是代理用户,去访问外网服务器
- 一个是代理服务器,就是代理服务器,让用户可以访问
代理规则
proxy_pass:代理路径 – 有了proxy_pass就不会访问root /www/video; index index.html index.html;
了
location / {
root /www/video;
index index.html index.htm;
proxy_pass http://xingheng.com/;
}
基于反向代理的负载均衡
使用
# httpd是负载均衡组的名字,可自定义
upstream httpd {
server 192.168.44.102:80;
server 192.168.43.103:80;
}
location / {
root /www/video;
index index.html index.htm;
proxy_pass http://httpd # 有这个上面的静态资源就不访问了
}
常用策略
upstream httpd {
server 127.0.0.1:8050 weight=10 down;
server 127.0.0.1:8060 weight=1;
server 127.0.0.1:8060 weight=1 backup;
}
- weight:默认为1 weight越大,负载的权重就越大。
- down:表示当前的server暂时不参与负载
- backup: 其它所有的非backup机器down或者忙的时候,请求backup机器。(备用服务器)
了解策略
- ip_hash:根据客户端的ip地址转发同一台服务器,可以保持回话。
- least_conn:最少连接访问
- url_hash:根据用户访问的url定向转发请求
- fair:根据后端服务器响应时间转发请求
动静分离
location配置静态资源
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
# / 的匹配优先级最低
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
}
# 匹配路径是/js的路径
location /js {
root html
index index.html index.htm;
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
}
路径匹配规则
location前缀规则
/ 通用匹配,任何请求都会匹配到。
= 精准匹配,不是以指定模式开头
~ 正则匹配,区分大小写
~* 正则匹配,不区分大小写
^~ 非正则匹配,匹配以指定模式开头的location
location匹配顺序
- 多个正则location直接按书写顺序匹配,成功后就不会继续往后面匹配
- 普通(非正则)location会一直往下,直到找到匹配度最高的(最大前缀匹配)
- 当普通location与正则location同时存在,如果正则匹配成功,则不会再执行普通匹配
- 所有类型location存在时,“=”匹配 > “^~”匹配 > 正则匹配 > 普通(最大前缀匹配)
location ~*/(css|img|js) {
root /usr/local/nginx/static;
index index.html index.htm;
}
alias与root
location /css/ {
alias /usr/local/nginx/static/css/;
index index.html index.htm;
}
location /css {
alias /usr/local/nginx/static;
index index.html index.htm;
}
alias和root指令功能类似,都是指定访问的资源,不过配置上有些区别:
**root**
** 是“加在 URI 前面的前缀”
**alias**
**是“把整个 location 路径替换掉”**root**
** 通常用于匹配路径不变的情况
**alias**
**用于重写某段 URL 到另一路径**root**
对/
不敏感
**alias**
的路径末尾最好加/
,否则容易匹配失败
例如:代码中的代码路径,现在要访问/css/style.css
root是直接拼接:/usr/local/nginx/static + /css/style.css
alias是裁剪:/css/style.css
匹配,裁剪location
后的路径/css/
,变为style.css
,然后将style.css
拼接到/usr/local/nginx/static/css/
后面
UrlRewrite
入门案例
location / {
rewrite ^/xingheng/(.*)$ /index.jsp?pageName=$1 break;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
}
如果访问呢的路径匹配到了/xingheng
,那么就转向访问http://127.0.0.1:8080/index.jsp?pageName=?
路径
也就是说,如果匹配到了rewirte终点额正则表达式,那么就会讲后面的路径拼接到proxy_pass中设置的路径后面
规则
rewrite是实现URL重写的关键指令,根据regex (正则表达式)部分内容,重定向到replacement,结尾是flag标记。
格式:
rewrite <regex> <replacement> [flag];
关键字:正则(regex) 替代内容(replacement) flag标记
关键字:其中关键字error_log不能改变
- 正则:perl兼容正则表达式语句进行规则匹配
- 替代内容:将正则匹配的内容替换成replacement
- flag标记:rewrite支持的flag标记
rewrite参数的标签段位置: <font style="color:rgb(51,51,51);">server,location,if </font>
flag标记说明:
- last :本条规则匹配完成后,继续向下匹配新的location URI规则
- break :本条规则匹配完成即终止,不再匹配后面的任何规则
- redirect :返回302临时重定向,浏览器地址会显示跳转后的URL地址(就是真实地址会带出来)
- permanent :返回301永久重定向,浏览器地址栏会显示跳转后的URL地址
防盗链
防盗链概念
- 所谓盗链,就是别人直接在他们的网站上引用你网站的资源,比如这样:
<img src="http://yourdomain.com/images/logo.png">
这样一来,对方的网页访问者会去访问你的服务器资源,消耗你的带宽资源,却不给你任何访问量或广告收益,所以我们需要防盗链
- referer
假设你在 https://a.com/index.html
这个页面上,有一张图片:
<img src="https://b.com/images/logo.png">
当用户访问 a.com/index.html
页面时,浏览器会自动去加载图片,这个时候对 b.com/images/logo.png
的请求里,HTTP 请求头中会自动带上:
Referer: https://a.com/index.html
也就是说,服务器 **b.com**
可以知道:访问这张图的是从 **a.com**
页面跳过来的。
那么什么时候没有refer呢?直接在浏览器顶部地址输入对应的地址访问就没有referer啦
配置防盗链
- 配置案例
valid_referers 192.168.44.101;
if ($invalid_referer) {
return 403;
}
- 详细规则
valid_referers none | blocked | server_names | strings ....;
- `**<font style="color:#DF2A3F;">none</font>**`<font style="color:rgb(51,51,51);">, 检测 Referer 头域不存在的情况,如果不存在,那么就可以访问(即使是本网站访问也不行)</font>
- `<font style="color:rgb(51,51,51);">blocked</font>`<font style="color:rgb(51,51,51);">,检测 Referer 头域的值被防火墙或者代理服务器删除或伪装的情况。这种情况该头域的值不以 “http://” 或 “https://” 开头。 </font>
- `<font style="color:rgb(51,51,51);">server_names</font>`<font style="color:rgb(51,51,51);"> ,设置一个或多个 URL ,检测 Referer 头域的值是否是这些 URL 中的某一个。</font>
使用curl测试
安装
yum install -y curl
常用命令
- 看某个地址能否访问
curl -I http://192.168.44.101/img/logo.png
- 带referer
# http://baidu.com就是refer
curl -e "http://baidu.com" -I http://192.168.44.101/img/logo.png
高可用配置
keepalive高可用原理
keepalive安装
yum install -y keepalived
keepalive配置
- 打开文件
# 打开keeplived.conf
cd /etc/keepalived
vi keepalived.conf
- 配置文件
第一台机器
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
router_id lb111
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
# 当前机器是master
state MASTER
# 网卡名称(改)
interface enp0s5
virtual_router_id 51
# 优先级,竞选成功的优先级
priority 100
# 间隔检测时间
advert_int 1
# 多个keepalived通信配置(相同即可)
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass 1111
}
# 虚拟地址(改)
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.33.200
}
}
注:interface需要改成自己的网卡地址,通过ip addr
获取
第二台机器
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
router_id lb111
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
# 当前机器是backup
state BACKUP
# 网卡名称
interface enp0s5
virtual_router_id 51
# 优先级,竞选成功的优先级
priority 100
# 间隔检测时间
advert_int 1
# 多个keepalived通信配置(相同即可)
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass 1111
}
# 虚拟地址
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.33.200
}
}
- 启动服务
systemctl start keepalived
查看状态:
systemctl status keepalived
查看现有ip:
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
notification_email {
acassen@firewall.loc
failover@firewall.loc
sysadmin@firewall.loc
}
notification_email_from Alexandre.Cassen@firewall.loc
smtp_server 192.168.200.1
smtp_connect_timeout 30
router_id LVS_DEVEL
vrrp_skip_check_adv_addr
vrrp_strict
vrrp_garp_interval 0
vrrp_gna_interval 0
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state MASTER
interface eth0
virtual_router_id 51
priority 100
advert_int 1
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass 1111
}
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.200.16
192.168.200.17
192.168.200.18
}
}
virtual_server 192.168.200.100 443 {
delay_loop 6
lb_algo rr
lb_kind NAT
persistence_timeout 50
protocol TCP
real_server 192.168.201.100 443 {
weight 1
SSL_GET {
url {
path /
digest ff20ad2481f97b1754ef3e12ecd3a9cc
}
url {
path /mrtg/
digest 9b3a0c85a887a256d6939da88aabd8cd
}
connect_timeout 3
retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
}
virtual_server 10.10.10.2 1358 {
delay_loop 6
lb_algo rr
lb_kind NAT
persistence_timeout 50
protocol TCP
sorry_server 192.168.200.200 1358
real_server 192.168.200.2 1358 {
weight 1
HTTP_GET {
url {
path /testurl/test.jsp
digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
}
url {
path /testurl2/test.jsp
digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
}
url {
path /testurl3/test.jsp
digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
}
connect_timeout 3
retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
real_server 192.168.200.3 1358 {
weight 1
HTTP_GET {
url {
path /testurl/test.jsp
digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334c
}
url {
path /testurl2/test.jsp
digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334c
}
connect_timeout 3
retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
}
virtual_server 10.10.10.3 1358 {
delay_loop 3
lb_algo rr
lb_kind NAT
persistence_timeout 50
protocol TCP
real_server 192.168.200.4 1358 {
weight 1
HTTP_GET {
url {
path /testurl/test.jsp
digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
}
url {
path /testurl2/test.jsp
digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
}
url {
path /testurl3/test.jsp
digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
}
connect_timeout 3
retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
real_server 192.168.200.5 1358 {
weight 1
HTTP_GET {
url {
path /testurl/test.jsp
digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
}
url {
path /testurl2/test.jsp
digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
}
url {
path /testurl3/test.jsp
digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
}
connect_timeout 3
retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
}
Https证书配置
server
{
listen 443 ssl http2 ;
server_name www.xinghengdati.cn;
ssl_certificate /www/server/panel/vhost/cert/www.xinghengdati.cn/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /www/server/panel/vhost/cert/www.xinghengdati.cn/privkey.pem;
}