【转】【菜鸟IT大讲堂】3分钟配置好静态路由

发布于：2023-03-27 ⋅ 阅读:(492) ⋅ 点赞:(0)

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实验目的

  1. 了解静态路由的原理
  2. 掌握静态路由的配置

实验任务

  1. 任务1
  2. 任务2

任务1：实验拓扑

任务1：实验需求

  1. 根据实验拓扑图，完成设备的基本配置；
  2. 在路由器R1、R2、R3上配置静态路由，保证全网路由可达；

任务1：实验步骤

步骤1：设备的基本配置

配置PC1：

VPCS> set pcname PC1 //设置主机名

PC1> ip 192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.254 //设置IP地址与网关

配置PC2：

VPCS> set pcname PC2

PC2> ip 192.168.2.1/24 192.168.2.254

配置R1：

Router>enable

Router#configure terminal

Router(config)#hostname R1

R1(config)#no ip domain-lookup

R1(config)#line console 0

R1(config-line)#exec-timeout 0 0

R1(config-line)#logging synchronous

R1(config-line)#exit

R1(config)#interface ethernet0/0

R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0

R1(config-if)#no shutdown

R1(config-if)#exit

R1(config)#interface serial1/0

R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.12.1 255.255.255.0

R1(config-if)#no shutdown

R1(config-if)#end

R1#

配置R2：

Router>enable

Router#configure terminal

Router(config)#hostname R2

R2(config)#no ip domain-lookup

R2(config)#line console 0

R2(config-line)#exec-timeout 0 0

R2(config-line)#logging synchronous

R2(config-line)#exit

R2(config)#interface serial1/0

R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.12.2 255.255.255.0

R2(config-if)#no shutdown

R2(config-if)#exit

R2(config)#interface serial1/1

R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.23.2 255.255.255.0

R2(config-if)#no shutdown

R2(config-if)#end

R2#

配置R3：

Router>enable

Router#configure terminal

Router(config)#hostname R3

R3(config)#no ip domain-lookup

R3(config)#line console 0

R3(config-line)#exec-timeout 0 0

R3(config-line)#logging synchronous

R3(config-line)#exit

R3(config)#interface ethernet0/0

R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.254 255.255.255.0

R3(config-if)#no shutdown

R3(config-if)#exit

R3(config)#interface serial1/0

R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.23.3 255.255.255.0

R3(config-if)#no shutdown

R3(config-if)#end

R3#

步骤2：检查设备接口状态

检查PC1：

PC1> show ip

NAME : PC1[1]

IP/MASK : 192.168.1.1/24

GATEWAY : 192.168.1.254

DNS :

MAC : 00:50:79:66:68:04

LPORT : 20000

RHOST:PORT : 127.0.0.1:30000

MTU : 1500

检查R1：

R1#show ip interface brief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol

Ethernet0/0 192.168.1.254 YES manual up up

Ethernet0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Ethernet0/2 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Ethernet0/3 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Serial1/0 192.168.12.1 YES manual up up

Serial1/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Serial1/2 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Serial1/3 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

检查R2：

R2#show ip interface brief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol

Ethernet0/0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Ethernet0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Ethernet0/2 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Ethernet0/3 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Serial1/0 192.168.12.2 YES manual up up

Serial1/1 192.168.23.2 YES manual up up

Serial1/2 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Serial1/3 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

检查R3：

R3#show ip interface brief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol

Ethernet0/0 192.168.2.254 YES manual up up

Ethernet0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Ethernet0/2 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Ethernet0/3 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Serial1/0 192.168.23.3 YES manual up up

Serial1/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Serial1/2 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Serial1/3 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

检查PC2：

PC2> show ip

NAME : PC2[1]

IP/MASK : 192.168.2.1/24

GATEWAY : 192.168.2.254

DNS :

MAC : 00:50:79:66:68:05

LPORT : 20000

RHOST:PORT : 127.0.0.1:30000

MTU : 1500

步骤3：测试直连网络的连通性

测试PC1跟网关的网络连通性：

PC1> ping 192.168.1.254

84 bytes from 192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=0.359 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=0.459 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=0.463 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=4 ttl=255 time=0.403 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=5 ttl=255 time=0.417 ms

测试R1跟R2之间的网络连通性：

R1#ping 192.168.12.2

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.12.2, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 8/9/10 ms

测试R2跟R3之间的网络连通性：

R2#ping 192.168.23.3

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.23.3, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 9/9/11 ms

测试PC2跟网关的网络连通性：

PC2> ping 192.168.2.254

84 bytes from 192.168.2.254 icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=0.469 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.2.254 icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=0.484 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.2.254 icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=0.518 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.2.254 icmp_seq=4 ttl=255 time=0.400 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.2.254 icmp_seq=5 ttl=255 time=0.405 ms

注意，虽然设备之间的网络连通性正常了，但是PC1和PC2之间的网络是不可达的：

PC1> ping 192.168.2.1

*192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=0.345 ms (ICMP type:3, code:1, Destination host unreachable)

*192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=0.462 ms (ICMP type:3, code:1, Destination host unreachable)

*192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=0.543 ms (ICMP type:3, code:1, Destination host unreachable)

*192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=4 ttl=255 time=0.494 ms (ICMP type:3, code:1, Destination host unreachable)

*192.168.1.254 icmp_seq=5 ttl=255 time=0.467 ms (ICMP type:3, code:1, Destination host unreachable)

因为PC1把数据包发送给R1后，R1没有到达网络192.168.2.0/24的路由，所以R1无法转发数据包。

检查R1的路由表：

R1#show ip route

Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP

a - application route

    • replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

Gateway of last resort is not set

192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

L 192.168.1.254/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

192.168.12.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0

L 192.168.12.1/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0

R1只有两条直连路由，分别是192.168.1.0/24和192.168.12.0/24。

因此，我们需要在R1上配置去往192.168.2.0/24的静态路由。

步骤4：配置静态路由

配置R1：

R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.2

//当然也可以跟出接口

路由要有去有回网络才能通，所以R3上要配置回程路由。

配置R3：

R3(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 serial 1/0

//当然也可以跟下一跳

另外，沿途的路由器也要有去往源和目标网络的路由。

配置R2：

R2(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.1

//当然也可以跟出接口

R2(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.23.3

//当然也可以跟出接口

这样当PC1把数据包发送给R1时，R1查路由表：

R1#show ip route

Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP

a - application route

    • replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

Gateway of last resort is not set

192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

L 192.168.1.254/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.12.2

192.168.12.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0

L 192.168.12.1/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0

R1有到达网络192.168.2.0/24的路由，所以R1把数据包发送给下一跳R2，R2检查路由表：

R2#show ip route

Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP

a - application route

    • replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

Gateway of last resort is not set

S 192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.12.1

S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.23.3

192.168.12.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0

L 192.168.12.2/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0

192.168.23.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/1

L 192.168.23.2/32 is directly connected, Serial1/1

R2有到达网络192.168.2.0/24的路由，所以R2把数据包发送给下一跳R3，R3检查路由表：

R3#show ip route

Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP

a - application route

    • replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

Gateway of last resort is not set

S 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0

192.168.2.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

L 192.168.2.254/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

192.168.23.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0

L 192.168.23.3/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0

R3上192.168.2.0/24是自己的直连网络，所以R3把数据包直接发给PC2。

回程数据包的转发原理一样，这里不再撰述。

步骤5：测试PC1跟PC2的网络连通性

PC1> ping 192.168.2.1

84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=1 ttl=61 time=22.503 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=2 ttl=61 time=18.859 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=3 ttl=61 time=19.251 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=4 ttl=61 time=19.350 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=5 ttl=61 time=17.856 ms

因为需求要求全网路由可达；

如果这个时候在R1上Ping PC2，能不能通呢？不能！

在R1上Ping PC2，数据包源地址是192.168.12.1，数据包能到达PC2，但是回不来，因为R3上没有到达192.168.12.0/24的路由；

同理，R3上Ping PC1也不通，因为R1没有到达192.168.23.0/24的路由。

检查R3的路由表：

R3#show ip route

Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP

a - application route

    • replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

Gateway of last resort is not set

S 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0

192.168.2.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

L 192.168.2.254/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

192.168.23.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0

L 192.168.23.3/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0

R3没有到达网络192.168.12.0/24的路由。

配置R3：

R3(config)#ip route 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.23.2

//当然也可以跟出接口

同理，配置R1：

R1(config)#ip route 192.168.23.0 255.255.255.0 serial 1/0

//当然也可以跟下一跳

检查R1的路由表：

R1#show ip route

Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP

a - application route

    • replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

Gateway of last resort is not set

192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

L 192.168.1.254/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.12.2

192.168.12.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0

L 192.168.12.1/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0

S 192.168.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0

R1有到达192.168.2.0/24和192.168.23.0/24的路由。

检查R3的路由表：

R3#show ip route

Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP

a - application route

    • replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

Gateway of last resort is not set

S 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0

192.168.2.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

L 192.168.2.254/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

S 192.168.12.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.23.2

192.168.23.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0

L 192.168.23.3/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0

R3有到达192.168.1.0/24和192.168.12.0/24的路由。

步骤6：测试网络连通性

在PC1上测试：

PC1> ping 192.168.2.1

84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=1 ttl=61 time=21.429 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=2 ttl=61 time=18.079 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=3 ttl=61 time=19.108 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=4 ttl=61 time=19.006 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=5 ttl=61 time=18.163 ms

PC1> ping 192.168.23.3

84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=1 ttl=253 time=18.265 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=2 ttl=253 time=18.186 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=3 ttl=253 time=18.184 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=4 ttl=253 time=18.257 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=5 ttl=253 time=18.240 ms

PC1> ping 192.168.12.2

84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=1 ttl=254 time=9.899 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=2 ttl=254 time=9.380 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=3 ttl=254 time=9.159 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=4 ttl=254 time=9.300 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=5 ttl=254 time=9.268 ms

任务2：实验拓扑

任务2：实验需求

  1. 在R1和R3上删除任务1的静态路由；
  2. 在路由器R1、R3上配置默认路由，使得全网路由可达。

任务2：实验步骤

步骤1：删除R1和R3上的静态路由并配置默认路由

配置R1：

R1(config)#no ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.2

R1(config)#no ip route 192.168.23.0 255.255.255.0 Serial1/0

R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.12.2

配置R3：

R3(config)#no ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 Serial1/0

R3(config)#no ip route 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.23.2

R3(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.23.2

步骤2：检查默认路由

检查R1：

R1#show ip route

Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP

a - application route

    • replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

Gateway of last resort is 192.168.12.2 to network 0.0.0.0

S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.12.2

192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

L 192.168.1.254/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

192.168.12.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0

L 192.168.12.1/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0

检查R3：

R3#show ip route

Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP

a - application route

    • replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR

Gateway of last resort is 192.168.23.2 to network 0.0.0.0

S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.23.2

192.168.2.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

L 192.168.2.254/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0

192.168.23.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 192.168.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0

L 192.168.23.3/32 is directly connected, Serial1/0

步骤3：网络连通性测试

PC1> ping 192.168.2.1

84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=1 ttl=61 time=20.698 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=2 ttl=61 time=19.478 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=3 ttl=61 time=18.593 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=4 ttl=61 time=19.404 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.2.1 icmp_seq=5 ttl=61 time=19.616 ms

PC1> ping 192.168.23.3

84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=1 ttl=253 time=22.048 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=2 ttl=253 time=20.271 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=3 ttl=253 time=19.362 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=4 ttl=253 time=20.110 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.23.3 icmp_seq=5 ttl=253 time=21.321 ms

PC1> ping 192.168.12.2

84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=1 ttl=254 time=10.201 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=2 ttl=254 time=10.220 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=3 ttl=254 time=8.304 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=4 ttl=254 time=9.170 ms

84 bytes from 192.168.12.2 icmp_seq=5 ttl=254 time=10.084 ms

原文来自：微思网络
原文地址：https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/m0...

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