C++ string的模拟实现

发布于:2025-03-22 ⋅ 阅读:(22) ⋅ 点赞:(0)

Hello!!大家早上中午晚上好,昨天复习了string的使用,今天来模拟实现一下string!!!

一、string的框架搭建

1.1首先我们需要一个string的头文件用来做变量、函数、类等声明;再需要一个test文件来做测试,还需要一个文件来实现方法;

包一下头文件ok初步工作完成;

1.2明确string需要用到的成员变量以及成员函数

成员变量:

①必不可少的一个指向字符串的char*指针;(注意这里不能设置为const char*)

②字符串存储的有效数据size_t size;(有效数据指的时'\0'之前的数据)

③字符串存储的那块空间的容量size_t capacity;

④一个无符号最大值npos(用来判断);

成员函数:

①string的构造函数;包括用字符串构造、用string对象构造、用n个字符构造、用迭代器区间构造;实现常用的几个即可;

②string的析构函数;(因为涉及深拷贝所以要写)

③string的运算符重载函数;包括赋值运算符重载,比较小于、大于、等于、不等于运算重载函数,还有下标访问的运算符重载函数,流插入流提取运算符重载函数;

普通成员函数:

①开空间并初始化的 resize函数;

②开空间不初始化的reserve函数;

③插入单个字符的push_back函数;

④插入字符串的+=运算符重载函数;

⑤某个位置插入n个字符的insert函数;

⑥某个位置删除n个字符的erase函数;

⑦获取string有效数据的size()函数;

⑧获取string存储空间大小的capacity()函数;

⑨清理字符串的clear函数;

⑩从某个位置开始查找某个字符的find函数;

11、从某个位置开始截取长度为len的字符串;

12、获取_str的c_str函数;

还有一个需要用到的是迭代器;

1.3声明到头文件

由于模拟实现的string类的名字会跟std里的string冲突,所以需要namespace一个命名空间;

#pragma once
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//string的模拟实现
namespace ldc
{
	struct string
	{
		typedef char* iterator;
		typedef const char* const_iterator;
	public:
		string(const char* str);
		string(const string& s);
		string(size_t n, char c);
		string(const_iterator it1, const_iterator it2);
		~string();
		string& operator=(const string& s);
		bool operator>(const string& s)const;
        bool operator<(const string& s)const;
        bool operator==(const string& s)const;
        bool operator!=(const string& s)const;
        bool operator >= (const string & s)const;
        bool operator <=(const string& s)const;
		char operator[](size_t pos);
		const char operator[](size_t pos)const;
		void resize(size_t n, char c='\0');
		void reserve(size_t n);
		void push_back(char c);
		string& operator+=(const char* str);
		string& opeartor += (const string & s);
        string& ldc::string::operator+=(char ch);

		void insert(size_t pos, size_t n, char c);
		void erase(size_t pos, size_t n=npos);
		size_t size();
		size_t capacity();
		void clear();
		size_t find(char c, size_t pos = 0);
		size_t find(const char* str, size_t pos = 0);
		string& substr(size_t pos = 0, size_t len = npos);
        const char* c_str const();
	private:
		 char* _str;
		size_t _size;
		size_t _capacity;
		const static size_t npos=-1;
	};
    ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const string& s);//流提出插入重载
	istream& operator>>(istream& in, string& s);//在类外重载不存在this
}

这里注意:npos用来做判断,当调用erase在pos位置删除n个字符时,如果不传参n默认为npos(无符号最大值),表示从pos位置开始往后的全删除;(同理substr也一样);

二、开始实现

2.1构造函数的实现
 #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1
#include "string3_20.h"
#include <string.h>
//string的方法实现
//构造函数
ldc::string::string(const char* str="")
{
	size_t len = strlen(str);
	_size = len;
	_capacity = _size;
	_str = new char[_capacity + 1];//这里+1因为要保留一个位置存放'\0',空串也有'\0'
	memcpy(_str, str, len + 1);
}
ldc::string::string(const string& s)
{
	_size = s._size;
	_capacity = s._capacity;
	_str = new char[_capacity + 1];
	memcpy(_str, s._str, _capacity + 1);
}
ldc::string::string(size_t n, char c)
{
	_size = n;
	_capacity = _size;
	_str = new char[_capacity + 1];
	for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++)
	{
		_str[i] = c;
	}
	_str[n] = '\0';
}
ldc::string::string(const_iterator it1, const_iterator it2)
{
	_size = it2 - it1;
	_capacity = _size;
	_str = new char[_capacity + 1];
	memcpy(_str, it1, _size);
	_str[_size] = '\0';
}

顺便把流插入重载和c_str也实现了(好测试)

const char* ldc::string::c_str()const
{
	return _str;
}
ostream& ldc::operator<<(ostream& out, const string& s)
{
	
	out <<s.c_str();
	return out;
}

测试:

 #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1
//string的测试
#include "string3_20.h"
int main()
{
	ldc::string s1("hello world!!"); //字符串构造
	const char* ch = "welcome";  
	ldc::string s2(ch);
	cout << s1 << endl;
	cout << s2 << endl;
    char ch2[10] = { "yes!!!" };
    ldc::string s3(ch2, ch2 + 3);//区间构造
    cout << s3 << endl;
    ldc::string s4(s3);//拷贝构造
    cout<<s4<<endl;
	return 0;
}

ok没问题!接下来实现以下赋值重载跟析构;

2.2赋值重载与析构函数
ldc::string& ldc::string::operator=(const string& s)
{
	_size = s._size;
	_capacity = s._capacity;
	_str = new char[_capacity + 1];
	memcpy(_str, s._str, _capacity + 1);
     return *this;
}
ldc::string::~string()
{
	delete[] _str;
	_str = nullptr;
	_size = _capacity = 0;
}

测试:

int main()
{
	ldc::string s1("hello");
	ldc::string s2("welcome");
	s1 = s2;
	cout << s1 << endl;
	return 0;
}

没问题,接下来实现普通成员函数;

2.3普通成员函数的实现
//比较、下标访问运算符重载
bool ldc::string::operator>(const string& s)const
{
	//比较有很多种方法,可以用operator[]比也可以获取str后再比,这里用最简洁的方法
	//库里的memcmp内存比较函数
	int ret = memcmp(_str, s._str, _size < s._size ? _size : s._size);//先比短
	return ret == 0 ? _size > s._size:ret > 0;//再比长,如果相等ret为正数表示str1>str2
}
bool ldc::string::operator<=(const string& s)const
{
	return !(*this > s);
}
bool ldc::string::operator<(const string& s)const
{
	return !(*this >= s);
}
bool ldc::string::operator>=(const string& s)const
{
	return (*this > s) || (*this == s);
}
bool ldc::string::operator==(const string& s)const
{
	return _size == s._size && memcmp(_str, s._str, _size) == 0;
}
bool ldc::string::operator!=(const string& s)const
{
	return !(*this == s);
}

char ldc::string::operator[](size_t pos)
{
	assert(pos < _size);
	return _str[pos];
}
const char ldc::string::operator[](size_t pos)const
{
	assert(pos < _size);
	return _str[pos];
}

测试:

void test1()
{
	ldc::string s1("hello");
	ldc::string s2("helloxxx");
	ldc::string s3("welcome");
	ldc::string s4("welcome");
	cout << (s1 > s2) << " ";
	cout << (s1 >= s2) << " ";
	cout << (s1 < s2) << " ";
	cout << (s1 <= s2) << " ";
	cout << (s3 == s4) << " ";
	cout << (s3!= s2) << " ";
	cout << s1[2] << " ";
	s1[0]='Y';
	cout << s1 << " ";
	//const ldc::string s5("beutiful!");
	//s5[0] = 'B';
}
int main()
{
	test1();
	return 0;
}

OK没问题接着实现扩容:

2.4扩容实现
//只开空间不初始化
void ldc::string::reserve(size_t n)
{
	if (n > _capacity)
	{
		char* tmp = new char[n + 1];//假设开100个空间,需要存放100个数据,第101个位置需存放结束标识符'\0'
		memcpy(tmp, _str, _size + 1);//连'\0'一起拷贝,不然开完空间后的数据没有结束标志符
		delete[] _str;//释放旧空间
		_str = tmp;//指向新空间
		_capacity = n;//注意只需要修改_capacity,_size有效数据始终没变
	}
}

//开空间并初始化
void ldc::string::resize(size_t n, char c = '\0')
{
	if (n < _size)
	{
		_size = n;
		_str[_size] = '\0';
	}
	else
	{
		reserve(n);
		for (size_t i=_size;i<n;i++)
		{
			_str[i] = c;
		}
		_str[n] = '\0';
		_size = n;
	}
}

测试:

void test2()
{
	ldc::string s1("hello");
	s1.resize(20, 'x');
	cout << s1 << endl;
	s1.resize(3);
	cout << s1 << endl;
}
int main()
{
	//test1();
	test2();
	return 0;
}

ok没问题下一步,reserve后面测;

2.5增删查改实现
void ldc::string::push_back(char c)
{
	if (_size == _capacity)
	{
		size_t n = _capacity == 0 ? 4 : _capacity * 2;//二倍扩容
		reserve(n);
	}
	_str[_size] = c;
	++_size;
	_str[_size] = '\0';
}
ldc::string& ldc::string::operator+=(const char* str)
{
	size_t len = strlen(str);
	reserve(_size + len);//复用reserve开空间
	memcpy(_str + _size, str, len + 1);//'\0'一起拷贝过去
	_size += len;
	return *this;
}
ldc::string& ldc::string::operator+=(char ch)
{
	push_back(ch);
	return *this;
}
ldc::string&ldc::string::operator+= (const string & s)
{
	reserve(_size + s._size);
	memcpy(_str + _size, s._str, s._size + 1);
	_size += s._size;
	return *this;
}
void ldc::string::insert(size_t pos, size_t n, char c)
{
	assert(pos <= _size);
	reserve(_size + n);
	if (pos==_size)//尾插
	{
		while (n--)
		{
			push_back(c);
		}
	}
	else
	{
		char* begin = _str + _size;
		char* newbegin = _str + pos;
		char* end = _str + _size + n;
		while (begin>=newbegin)
		{
			*end = *begin;
			--end;
			--begin;
		}
		int i = n;
		while (i--)
		{
			_str[pos] = c;
			++pos;
		}
		_size += n;
	}
	
}
void ldc::string::erase(size_t pos, size_t n)
{
	assert(pos < _size);
	if (n == npos || pos + n > _size)
	{
		_str[pos] = '\0';
	}
	else
	{
		size_t end = _size;
		size_t begin = pos + n;
		while (begin != end)
		{
			_str[pos] = _str[begin];
			++pos; ++begin;
		}
	}
	_size -= n;
	_str[_size] = '\0';
}
size_t ldc::string::find(char c, size_t pos)
{
	assert(pos < _size);
	while (pos != _size)
	{
		if (_str[pos] == c)
		{
			return pos;
		}
		++pos;
	}
	return npos;
}
size_t ldc::string::find(const char* str, size_t pos)
{
	//直接用strstr函数
	char* ptr = strstr(_str + pos, str);
	if (ptr)
	{
		return ptr - _str;
	}
	else
		return npos;
}

测试:

void test3()
{
	ldc::string s1("hello world!!");
	s1.insert(5, 3, 'X');
	cout << s1 << endl;
	s1.insert(0, 3, 'Y');
	cout << s1 << endl;
	s1.insert(19, 2, 'Z');
	cout << s1 << endl;
	s1.erase(0, 3);
	cout << s1 << endl;
	s1.erase(5, 4);
	cout << s1 << endl;
	s1.erase(10, -1);
	cout << s1 << endl;

	cout << s1.find('h')<<endl;
	cout << s1.find("world") << endl;
	cout << s1.find('l', 3) << endl;
}

没啥问题,接着把剩下的都实现了;

三、剩余完善

3.1substr实现
ldc::string ldc::string::substr(size_t pos, size_t len)
{
	assert(pos < _size);
	size_t n = len;
	if (n == npos || pos + n > _size)
	{
		n = _size - pos;
	}
	string temp;
	temp.reserve(n);
	for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++)
	{
		temp += _str[pos + i];
	}
	return temp;
}
3.2其他实现
size_t ldc::string::size()const
{
	return _size;
}
size_t ldc::string::capacity()const
{
	return _capacity;
}
void ldc::string::clear()
{
	_str[0] = '0';
	_size = 0;
}
istream& ldc::operator>>(istream& in, string& s)
{
	s.clear();
	char ch = in.get();
	// 处理前缓冲区前面的空格或者换行
	while (ch == ' ' || ch == '\n')
	{
		ch = in.get();
	}
	//in >> ch;
	char buff[128];
	int i = 0;
	while (ch != ' ' && ch != '\n')
	{
		buff[i++] = ch;
		if (i == 127)
		{
			buff[i] = '\0';
			s += buff;
			i = 0;
		}
		//in >> ch;
		ch = in.get();
	}
	if (i != 0)
	{
		buff[i] = '\0';
		s += buff;
	}
	return in;
}
3.3测试
void test4()
{
	ldc::string s1("hello");
	ldc::string s2(s1.substr(0, 2));
	cout << s1 << endl;
	cout << s2 << endl;
	cout <<"开空间前:" << s2.capacity() <<" ," << s2.size() << endl;
	s2.reserve(40);
	cout <<"开空间后:"<< s2.size() << ", " << s2.capacity() << endl;
	cin>>s2;
	cout << s2<<endl;
	cout << "流插入后:" << s2.size() << " " << s2.capacity() << endl;
}

OK!!到这里string的基本功能已经实现了!!如果您觉得有所收获,记得点赞收藏+关注哦!!谢谢!!!

咱下期见!!!