以下是三个练习题的具体实现方案，包含完整代码示例和详细说明：
练习题1：TDD实现博客评论功能
步骤1：编写失败测试
# tests/test_blog.py
import unittest
from blog import BlogPost, Comment, InvalidCommentError
class TestBlogSystem(unittest.TestCase):
def test_create_comment(self):
post = BlogPost(title="Python测试教程", content="...")
comment = post.add_comment(user="开发者", text="非常实用！")
self.assertIsInstance(comment, Comment)
self.assertEqual(len(post.comments), 1)
def test_comment_validation(self):
post = BlogPost(title="TDD实践", content="...")
with self.assertRaises(InvalidCommentError):
post.add_comment(user="", text="空用户测试")
def test_comment_display(self):
post = BlogPost(title="测试驱动开发", content="...")
post.add_comment(user="Alice", text="清晰易懂")
self.assertIn("Alice: 清晰易懂", post.display_comments())
步骤2：实现最小功能
# blog.py
class InvalidCommentError(Exception):
pass
class Comment:
def __init__(self, user, text):
self.user = user
self.text = text
class BlogPost:
def __init__(self, title, content):
self.title = title
self.content = content
self.comments = []
def add_comment(self, user, text):
if not user or not text:
raise InvalidCommentError("用户和内容不能为空")
comment = Comment(user, text)
self.comments.append(comment)
return comment
def display_comments(self):
return "\n".join(
[f"{c.user}: {c.text}" for c in self.comments]
)
步骤3：运行测试
python -m unittest tests/test_blog.py -v
步骤4：重构优化
- 添加评论时间戳功能
- 实现评论分级嵌套
- 添加敏感词过滤机制
练习题2：生成HTML测试报告
安装依赖
pip install pytest-html
配置测试命令
# 生成基础报告
pytest --html=report.html
# 带附加信息的报告
pytest --html=detailed_report.html --self-contained-html \
--metadata Project "博客系统" \
--metadata Environment "测试环境"
示例报告配置类
# conftest.py
def pytest_configure(config):
config._metadata["测试类型"] = "单元测试"
config._metadata["Python版本"] = "3.9"
def pytest_html_report_title(report):
report.title = "博客系统测试报告"
高级配置（截取失败用例截图）
# conftest.py
@pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True)
def pytest_runtest_makereport(item, call):
outcome = yield
report = outcome.get_result()
if report.when == "call" and report.failed:
html = "<div><img src='data:image/png;base64,...'/></div>"
report.extra = [pytest_html.extras.html(html)]
练习题3：GitHub Actions每日构建
配置文件路径
.github/workflows/daily-build.yml
name: Daily Build
on:
schedule:
- cron: '0 0 * * *' # 每天UTC时间0点运行
workflow_dispatch: # 允许手动触发
jobs:
build:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- name: Checkout code
uses: actions/checkout@v3
- name: Set up Python
uses: actions/setup-python@v4
with:
python-version: '3.10'
- name: Install dependencies
run: |
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
pip install -r requirements.txt
pip install pytest pytest-html
- name: Run tests
run: pytest --html=report.html --cov=src
- name: Upload report
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
with:
name: test-report
path: report.html
- name: Codecov integration
uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
with:
token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
关键配置说明：
定时触发器：使用cron表达式控制执行频率
多Python版本支持：修改
python-version矩阵依赖缓存优化：
- name: Cache dependencies uses: actions/cache@v3 with: path: ~/.cache/pip key: ${{ runner.os }}-pip-${{ hashFiles('requirements.txt') }}邮件通知：添加失败通知配置
- name: Send email if: failure() uses: dawidd6/action-send-mail@v3 with: server_address: smtp.example.com server_port: 587 username: ${{ secrets.MAIL_USERNAME }} password: ${{ secrets.MAIL_PASSWORD }} subject: 每日构建失败通知 body: 测试用例执行失败，请及时处理！ to: dev-team@example.com
验证实施效果
测试报告示例
<!-- report.html -->
<html>
<head>
<title>博客系统测试报告</title>
<style>/* 自动生成样式 */</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>测试覆盖率 92%</h1>
<table>
<tr><th>模块</th><th>覆盖率</th></tr>
<tr><td>blog.py</td><td>100%</td></tr>
<tr><td>comment.py</td><td>85%</td></tr>
</table>
<h2>失败用例追踪</h2>
<div class="log">AssertionError: 预期8，实际得到9</div>
</body>
</html>
以上实现方案具有以下生产级特性：
错误追踪：在测试报告中直接显示失败代码上下文
环境隔离：使用虚拟环境保证测试纯净性
敏感信息保护：通过GitHub Secrets管理凭证
执行效率优化：并行测试执行配置
strategy: matrix: python-version: ["3.8", "3.9", "3.10"] fail-fast: false
建议将代码分阶段实施，每个功能点完成后运行完整测试套件，确保系统稳定性。